Myokine Regulation as Marker of Sarcopenia in Elderly
Abstract
The elderly population will increase as well as increasing life expectancy. Health problems in elderly will be more complex and need a comprehensive management. One of the problems that arise from the aging process is sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is a decreasing in muscle mass and muscle strength or muscle function caused by multifactorial not only due to aging process, but also nutrition, immobilization, genetics and others risk factors. Muscle is an endogen organ that produces various proteins that can affect the health system. This protein is referred to as myokine. Myokine is anti-inflammation cytokine and peptide produced by striated muscles. Physical activity results in myokine secretion that can reduce inflammation due to a sedentary lifestyle. Inflammation can lead to worsening sarcopenia and fat accumulation in striated muscles, thus reducing muscle mass, muscle strength and causing physical inactivity. The most of this type myokine have antiinflammation effect have work as autocrine, paracrine and endocrine. Chronic inflammation is a contributor that plays a role in the pathophysiology of various diseases including sarcopenia, it will protected by myokine. Myokine can affect the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, angiogenesis, myogenesis, neurogenesis, and can explain the relationship between muscle, liver, fat, tissue and brain. Some knewn myokines include interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-5, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), leukemia Inhibitory factor (LIF), irisin and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC). Physical exercise can induce myokine secretion from striated muscle to circulation. Through these mechanisms, myokine is expected to improve metabolism of glucose, fat and protein muscle, liver, fat, tissue, brain and reduce the incidence some comorbidity especially sarcopenia. Finally, it's will be decreasing of disability, morbidity and mortality rate in elderly.
Keywords: myokine, sarcopenia, elderly
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Pedersen BK. The Diseasome of Physical Inactivity – and the Role of Myokines in Muscle-fat Cross Talk. J Physiol. 2009; 587(3): 5559-68, CrossRef.
Morley JE. Sarcopenia in the Elderly. Fam Pract. 2012; 29 (Suppl 1): i44-8, CrossRef.
Pratesi A, Tarantini F, Bari M Di. Skeletal Muscle: An Endocrine Organ. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2013; 10(1): 11-4, CrossRef.
Pedersen BK. Muscles and Their Myokines. J Exp Biol. 2011; 214(2): 337-46, CrossRef.
Brandt C, Pedersen BK. The Role of Exercise-Induced Myokines in Muscle Homeostasis and the Defense against Chronic Diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010; 2010: 1-6, CrossRef.
Petersen AMW, Pedersen BK. The Anti-inflammatory Effect of Exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2005; 98(4): 1154-62, CrossRef.
Steensberg A, Fischer CP, Keller C, Møller K, Pedersen BK. IL-6 Enhances Plasma IL-1ra, IL-10, and Cortisol in Humans. Am J Physiol - Endocrinol Metab. 2003; 285(2): E433-7, CrossRef.
Steensberg A, Van Hall G, Osada T, Sacchetti M, Saltin B, Pedersen BK. Production of Interleukin-6 in Contracting Human Skeletal Muscles Can Account for the Exercise-induced Increase in Plasma Interleukin-6. J Physiol. 2000; 529(1): 237-42, CrossRef.
Hiscock N. Skeletal Myocytes are a Source of Interleukin-6 mRNA Expression and Protein Release During Contraction: Evidence of Fiber Type Specificity. FASEB. 2004; 18(9): 992-4, CrossRef.
Carey AL, Steinberg GR, Macaulay SL, Thomas WG, Holmes AG, Ramm G, et al. Interleukin-6 Increases Insulin-stimulated Glucose Disposal in Humans and Glucose Uptake and Fatty Acid Oxidation in vitro via AMP-activated Protein Kinase. Diabetes. 2006; 55(10): 2688-97, CrossRef.
Ruderman NB, Keller C, Richard AM, Saha AK, Luo Z, Xiang X, et al. Interleukin-6 Regulation of AMP-activated Protein Kinase: Potential Role in The Systemic Response to Exercise and Prevention of The Metabolic Syndrome. Diabetes. 2006; 55 (Suppl 2): S48-54, CrossRef.
Febbraio Ma. Muscle-derived Interleukin-6: Mechanisms for Activation and Possible Biological Roles. FASEB J. 2002; 16(11): 1335-47, CrossRef.
Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: Focus on Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6. Physiol Rev. 2008; 88(4): 1379-406, CrossRef.
Quinn LS, Haugk KL, Grabstein KH. Interleukin-15: A Novel Anabolic Cytokine for Skeletal Muscle. Endocrinol. 1995; 136(8): 3669-72, CrossRef.
Nielsen AR, Hojman P, Erikstrup C, Fischer CP, Plomgaard P, Mounier R, et al. Association between Interleukin-15 and Obesity : Interleukin-15 as a Potential Regulator of Fat Mass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93(11): 4486-93, CrossRef.
Matthews VB, Åström MB, Chan MHS, Bruce CR, Krabbe KS, Prelovsek O, et al. Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor is Produced by Skeletal Muscle Cells in Response to Contraction and Enhances Fat Oxidation via Activation of AMP-activated Protein Kinase. Diabetologia. 2009; 52(7): 1409-18, CrossRef.
Whitmer RA, Gustafson DR, Barrett-Connor E, Haan MN, Gunderson EP, Yaffe K. Central Obesity and Increased Risk of Dementia More than Three Decades Later. Neurology. 2008; 71(14): 1057-64, CrossRef.
Nielsen AR, Pedersen BK. The Biological Roles of Exercise-induced Cytokines: IL-6 , IL-8 , and IL-15. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007; 32(5): 833-9, CrossRef.
Akerstrom T, Steensberg A, Keller P, Keller C, Penkowa M, Pedersen BK. Exercise Induces Interleukin-8 Expression in Human Skeletal Muscle. 2005; 563(2): 507-16, CrossRef.
Frydelund-Larsen L, Penkowa M, Akerstrom T, Zankari A, Nielsen S, Pedersen BK. Exercise Induces Interleukin-8 Receptor (CXCR2) Expression in Human Skeletal Muscle. Exp Physiol. 2007; 92(1): 233-40, CrossRef.
Potthoff MJ, Inagaki T, Satapati S, Ding X, He T, Goetz R, et al. FGF21 Induces PGC-1 and Regulates Carbohydrate and Fatty Acid Metabolism During The Adaptive Starvation Response. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2009; 106(26): 10853-8, CrossRef.
Hojman P, Pedersen M, Nielsen AR, Krogh-Madsen R, Yfanti C, Åkerstrom T, et al. Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 is Induced in Human Skeletal Muscles by Hyperinsulinemia. Diabetes. 2009; 58(12): 2797-801, CrossRef.
Broholm C, Pedersen BK. Leukaemia Inhibitory Factor - An Exercise-Induced Myokine. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2010; 16: 77-85, PMID.
Hunt LC, Anthea Coles C, Gorman CM, Tudor EM, Smythe GM, White JD. Alterations in The Expression of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Following Exercise: Comparisons between Wild-type and mdx Muscles. PLoS Curr. 2011; 3: 1277, CrossRef.
Broholm C, Mortensen OH, Nielsen S, Akerstrom T, Zankari A, Dahl B, et al. Exercise Induces Expression of Leukaemia Inhibitory Factor in Human Skeletal Muscle. J Physiol. 2008; 586(8): 2195-201, CrossRef.
Wrann CD, White JP, Salogiannnis J, Laznik-Bogoslavski D, Wu J, Ma D, et al. Exercise Induces Hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1α/FNDC5 Pathway. Cell Metab. 2013; 18(5): 649-59, CrossRef.
Nie J, Helene Sage E. SPARC Inhibits Adipogenesis by Its Enhancement of b-catenin signaling. J Biol Chem. 2009; 284(2): 1279-90, CrossRef.
Fryer LGD, Foufelle F, Barnes K, Baldwin SA, Woods A, Carling D. Characterization of The Role of The AMP-activated Protein Kinase in The Stimulation of Glucose Transport in Skeletal Muscle Cells. Biochem J. 2002; 363(1): 167-74, CrossRef.
Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK. Contraction-induced Myokine Production and Release: Is Skeletal Muscle An Endocrine Organ? Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2005; 33(3): 114-9, CrossRef.
Holmes AG, Watt MJ, Carey AL, Febbraio MA. Ionomycin, but Not Physiologic Doses of Epinephrine, Stimulates Skeletal Muscle Interleukin-6 mRNA Expression and Protein Release. Metabolism. 2004; 53(11): 1492-5, CrossRef.
Chan Mhs, Mcgee Sl, Watt Mj, Hargreaves M, Febbraio Ma. Altering Dietary Nutrient Intake That Reduces Glycogen Content Leads to Phosphorylation of Nuclear p38 MAP Kinase in Human Skeletal Muscle: Association with IL-6 Gene Transcription During Contraction. FASEB J. 2004; 18(14): 1785-7, CrossRef.
Rosenberg IH. Epidemiologic and methodologic problems in determining nutritional status of older persons. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989; 50 (Suppl 5): 1121-235, PMID.
Van Kan G A, YM R, JE M, B V. Frailty: Toward A Clinical Definition. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2008; 9(2): 71-2, CrossRef.
Perry HM, Miller DK, Patrick P, Morley JE. Testosterone and Leptin in Older African-American Men: Relationship to Age, Strength, Function, and Season. Metabolism. 2000; 49(8): 1085-91, CrossRef.
Wang C, Nieschlag E, Swerdloff R, Behre HM, Hellstrom WJ, Gooren LJ, et al. Investigation, Treatment and Monitoring of Lateonset Hypogonadism in Males. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008; 159(5): 507-14, CrossRef.
Morley JE. Vitamin D Redux. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2009; 10(9): 591-2, CrossRef.
Millward DJ, Fereday A, Gibson NR, Cox MC, Pacy PJ. Efficiency of Utilization of Wheat and Milk Protein in Healthy Adults and Apparent Lysine Requirements Determined by A Single-meal [1-13C] Leucine Balance Protocol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 76(6): 1326-34, CrossRef.
Setiati S, Rizka A. Sarkopenia. In: Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. III. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI; 2004. p. 3717-24.
Fan J, Kou X, Yang Y, Chen N. MicroRNA-regulated Proinflammatory Cytokines in Sarcopenia. Mediators Inflamm. 2016; 2016: 1438686, CrossRef.
Jentoft AJC, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. Sarcopenia: European Consensus on Definition and Diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2010; 39(4): 412-23, CrossRef.
Giannoulis MG, Martin FC, Nair KS, Umpleby AM, Sonksen P. Hormone Replacement Therapy and Physical function in healthy older men. Time to talk hormones? Endocr Rev. 2012; 33(3): 314-77, CrossRef.
Rodríguez-Mañas L, Féart C, Mann G, Viña J, Chatterji S, Chodzko-Zajko W, et al. Searching for An Operational Definition of Frailty: A Delphi Method-based Consensus Statement. The Frailty Operative Definition-consensus Conference Project. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013; 68(1): 62-7, CrossRef.
So B, Kim H, Kim J, Song W. Exercise-induced Myokines in Health and Metabolic Diseases. Integr Med Res. 2014; 3(4): 172-9, CrossRef.
Tamura Y, Watanabe K, Kantani T, Hayashi J, Ishida N, Kaneki M. Upregulation of Circulating IL-15 by Treadmill Running in Healthy Individuals: Is IL-15 An Endocrine Mediator of The Beneficial Effects of Endurance Exercise? Endocr J. 2011; 58(3): 211-5, CrossRef.
Nieman DC, Davis JM, Brown VA, Henson DA, Dumke CL, Utter AC, et al. Influence of Carbohydrate Ingestion on Immune Changes After 2 h of Intensive Resistance Training. J Appl Physiol. 2004; 96(4): 1292-8, CrossRef.
Riechman SE. Association of Interleukin-15 Protein and Interleukin-15 Receptor Genetic Variation with Resistance Exercise Training Responses. J Appl Physiol. 2004; 97(6): 2214-9, CrossRef.
Huh JY, Panagiotou G, Mougios V, Brinkoetter M, Vamvini MT, Schneider BE, et al. FNDC5 and Irisin in Humans: I. Predictors of Circulating Concentrations in Serum and Plasma and II. mRNA Expression and Circulating Concentrations in Response to Weight Loss and Exercise. Metabolism. 2012; 61(12): 1725-38, CrossRef.
Cuevas-Ramos D, Almeda-Valdés P, Meza-Arana CE, Brito-Córdova G, Gómez-Pérez FJ, Mehta R, et al. Exercise Increases Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) levels. PLoS One. 2012;7(5). e38022, CrossRef.
Aoi W, Naito Y, Takagi T, Tanimura Y, Takanami Y, Kawai Y, et al. A Novel Myokine, Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC), Suppresses Colon Tumorigenesis via Regular Exercise. Gut. 2013; 62(6): 882-9, CrossRef.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21705/mcbs.v2i2.32
Copyright (c) 2018 Cell and BioPharmaceutical Institute
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Indexed by:
Cell and BioPharmaceutical Institute
